What is the Capital of Russia?

Moscow is the capital of Russia. Moscow’s wealth, power, and size will continue to be a vital center for Russia and an important city globally.

Moscow is Russia’s political, economic, cultural, and scientific hub. Moscow is one of the largest global city economies, home to many of Russia’s largest companies and the Russian headquarters of many multinational companies.

Moscow also has one of the world’s largest urban economies, is ranked as an alpha global city, and is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world.

Where is Moscow?

Moscow is located in the western part of Russia, roughly 1,300 kilometers (808 miles) east of the Eastern edge of Europe, and about 640 kilometers (397 miles) southeast of Saint Petersburg, Russia’s second-largest city. It is situated on the Moskva River.

Geographically, Moscow is in the Central Federal District of Russia and is surrounded by the Moscow Oblast, a region of Russia, although it is administratively separate.

Moscow’s position in western Russia places it in the East European Plain, Europe’s most prominent mountain-less landform. The city’s latitude is similar to that of cities such as Glasgow, Scotland, and southern parts of Alaska.

History of Moscow

Moscow was founded in the 12th Century by Yuri Dolgorukiy, a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. Over the following centuries, it gradually grew in size and importance, mainly due to its advantageous location at the crossroads of several important trade routes.

In 1237-1238, the Mongols, under the leadership of Batu Khan, invaded Rus’ (the medieval state inhabited by the East Slavs), and Moscow was burnt to the ground. However, it quickly recovered and began thriving under the Mongol yoke.

The Cathedral of the Dormition, built from 1475 to 1479, is one of Russia’s most important religious structures and holds great historical significance.

In 1380, Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, led a united Russian army to a significant victory against the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. While Mongol domination did not end immediately, it was a turning point, signaling the beginning of the Mongol Yoke’s end.

Under Ivan III (1462-1505), the Duchy of Moscow became the center of a unified Russian state, laying the foundation for the Tsardom of Russia. Ivan III also undertook many construction projects in Moscow, including expanding the Kremlin.

During the early Tsarist period, Moscow continued to grow as Russia’s cultural and spiritual center. The city experienced significant turmoil during the Time of Troubles in the late 16th and early 17th centuries – a period of civil war, foreign invasion, and famine. However, the Romanov dynasty, which took power in 1613, brought stability.

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Moscow developed rapidly. The city expanded beyond its original fortifications, and its population grew. Notable events during this period include Napoleon’s invasion in 1812, where much of Moscow was burnt after the French retreat.

In the wake of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Moscow became the capital of the newly established Soviet Union. Lenin believed that Moscow’s central location made it a better capital than Saint Petersburg, which was considered vulnerable to foreign attack due to its proximity to the western border.

Moscow underwent a massive transformation under Soviet rule, characterized by industrialization and the construction of housing, infrastructure, and public facilities. The city’s architectural landscape was shaped with buildings designed in the exquisite Stalinist style, such as the Seven Sisters, a group of skyscrapers scattered throughout the city.

Despite severe losses in World War II, the city’s population exploded during this period. Post-war, Moscow became the center of the Cold War, and its growth continued with the development of the city’s transport network, including one of the world’s busiest metro systems.

The Lomonosov Moscow State University, founded in 1755, it was initially named Imperial Moscow University, was later renamed to its current name to honor its founder Mikhail Lomonosov.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moscow has undergone significant changes. It has seen a major influx of foreign investment and has experienced a boom in real estate development. The city has embraced capitalism, with numerous businesses, shops, and services springing up, starkly contrasting the Soviet era.

Many historical and cultural sites neglected during the Soviet period have been restored, and Moscow has increasingly become a destination for global tourism. The city’s rich history and rapid modernization coexist with Soviet-era buildings alongside modern skyscrapers.

Features of Moscow

Skyline of Moscow with Moskva River in the foreground.

Moscow is a city of contrasts where history and modernity intertwine, making it one of the most intriguing cities in the world. Moscow boasts one of the most extensive and efficient metro systems in the world, with stations of art in their own right, adorned with mosaics, sculptures, and chandeliers.

Moscow’s natural beauty is often overlooked but is evident in its numerous parks and green spaces. The city’s vibrant energy is also reflected in its culinary scene, which ranges from traditional Russian eateries serving classics like borscht and blini to high-end restaurants offering global cuisines. Moscow’s nightlife is equally varied, with many bars, clubs, and entertainment venues catering to different tastes.

In all its aspects, Moscow is a city that combines the past and the future, tradition and innovation, offering a unique blend that is reflected in its architecture, culture, and daily life.

Geography and Climate

Landscape of Moscow over the Sokolniki District.

Moscow occupies a lowland area known as the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, part of the vast East European Plain. The Moskva River winds through the city, and numerous smaller rivers and streams traverse the metropolitan area. Many of these waterways have been incorporated into the city’s expansive park system, providing a network of green spaces that serve as the city’s lungs.

The city’s climate is humid continental, characterized by considerable fluctuation in day-to-day weather and season-to-season temperatures. Winters are typically long and cold, with average January temperatures around -9 degrees Celsius (15 degrees Fahrenheit), but can plunge much lower during cold spells.

Snow cover is common from mid-November to late March, providing opportunities for winter sports. Summers, however, are warm and sometimes hot, with July temperatures averaging around 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit). However, heatwaves can push temperatures up to 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher.

Population

People stroll through Arbat street in the historical center of Moscow.

Moscow’s population is over 17 million in the city proper, making it one of the most populated cities in the world. The population is quite diverse, with people from various parts of Russia and former Soviet republics calling the city home. This has led to a melting pot of cultures, each contributing to the city’s rich cultural tapestry.

Russian is the dominant language, and the Russian Orthodox Church plays a significant role in the cultural life of many Muscovites, as the residents of Moscow are known. However, the city is also home to other ethnic and religious communities.

Despite the vast population, Moscow is well known for its community-focused living, with many of its residents living in apartments within ‘micro districts,’ which function as semi-autonomous communities with their schools, shops, and recreational facilities.

Economy

The Moscow International Business Center (MIBC).

Moscow is the economic powerhouse of Russia. It contributes to a significant portion of the country’s GDP and is home to most billionaires. The city’s economy is diverse, with the dominant sectors being trade, industrial production, and financial services.

Moscow’s financial sector is particularly influential, with many of Russia’s largest banks and financial companies headquartered in the city. Moscow’s Central Bank is one of the most significant entities in the global financial market due to Russia’s vast natural resources and geopolitical influence.

Industrial production in the city encompasses a wide range of goods, including everything from food products and textiles to heavy machinery and cars. The city is also Russia’s high-tech hub, with a growing number of tech startups and major IT, telecommunications, and biotechnology companies.

Trade is another critical pillar of Moscow’s economy. The city’s numerous shopping centers, markets, and retail stores make it the retail capital of Russia.

Tourism also plays an increasingly important role in Moscow’s economy. Its historical sites, cultural institutions, and events attract millions of visitors each year, and the city has seen a surge in tourism over the past few years.

In conclusion, Moscow’s economic vitality and dynamism make it a driving force in the Russian economy and a significant player in the global economic landscape.

Things to Do and Places to See in Moscow

Moscow offers an abundant array of activities and attractions to explore. Let’s delve into some of the most sought-after destinations and experiences in this vibrant city:

1. Explore Red Square

The Moscow Red Square (Krasnaya Ploshchad), one of the most iconic and historically significant locations in Moscow.

Red Square is Moscow and Russia’s historical, political, and symbolic heart. This vast cobbled square has witnessed many crucial events in Russian history, from public ceremonies and coronations to military parades. One end of the square is dominated by the majestic red-brick walls of the Kremlin, and the other by the elegant facade of the GUM department store, a testament to Moscow’s commercial vitality.

Walking across the square, you can feel the pulse of Russia and admire the incredible architectural diversity surrounding it, from the historic State Historical Museum to the Kazan Cathedral. Red Square is the epicenter of Moscow’s – and Russia’s – public life.

2. The Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin, a fortress in the heart of Moscow, is an architectural marvel and a repository of historical treasures. As the residence of Russian power, it is intrinsically tied to the country’s history.

Within its imposing walls, you’ll find the splendid Grand Kremlin Palace, a former Tsar residence, and beautiful cathedrals such as the Assumption Cathedral, where the Tsars were crowned, and the Annunciation Cathedral, the private chapel of the Tsars.

Don’t miss the Armoury Chamber, a museum showcasing royal artifacts and state regalia, from Fabergé eggs and royal crowns to golden carriages and ancient weapons.

3. Ride the Moscow Metro

Belorusskaya Subway Station, part of the Moscow Metro, opened in 1952.

More than just a means of transportation, the Moscow Metro is an underground art gallery and a monument to Soviet history and design. Some stations resemble lavish ballrooms or museum halls adorned with marble pillars, mosaics, stained glass, and bronze sculptures.

Notable stations include Komsomolskaya, with its opulent, baroque-inspired decor; Novoslobodskaya, known for its stained glass panels; and Mayakovskaya, celebrated for its art deco design. Riding on the Moscow Metro offers a unique perspective on the city’s history and culture.

4. Visit the Bolshoi Theatre

The Bolshoi Theatre, founded in 1776 by Empress Catherine the Great.

The Bolshoi Theatre, one of the world’s most prestigious ballet and opera venues, symbolizes Russia’s rich cultural tradition. The theatre’s neoclassical facade, crowned by a statue of Apollo, is instantly recognizable.

Inside, the auditorium is a marvel of gilt, crimson, and crystal chandeliers. While attending a ballet or opera performance here is a memorable experience, simply touring the theatre, with its luxurious interiors and rich history, is an event.

5. Tretyakov Gallery

Tretyakov Gallery, founded in 1856 by Pavel Tretyakov.

The State Tretyakov Gallery is an essential visit for any art lover. It houses an impressive collection of Russian art, from ancient icons to avant-garde masterpieces.

Key highlights include works by Russian artists like Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, and Ivan Aivazovsky. Walking through the gallery is like taking a journey through the history of Russian art, providing an unparalleled glimpse into the country’s cultural evolution.

6. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

State museum of as pushkin in moscow — Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, established in 1912, it was initially known as the Imperial Museum of Fine Arts.

The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts boasts a wide-ranging collection from ancient civilizations to modern art. Here, you’ll find Ancient Egyptian relics, Renaissance masterpieces, and Impressionist paintings, including works by Rembrandt, Botticelli, and Van Gogh. This museum offers a vast and diverse collection, making it a fascinating destination for art and history enthusiasts.

7. Visit Izmailovo Market

Panorama of izmailovsky kremlin in moscow russia — Izmailovo Market, situated near Izmailovo Park and the Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond.

Izmailovo Market is a treasure trove of Russian souvenirs, crafts, and antiques. This vibrant, bustling market is set against a colorful pseudo-historical complex reminiscent of a traditional Russian Kremlin.

Here, you can hunt for Matryoshka dolls, hand-painted lacquer boxes, amber jewelry, Soviet memorabilia, and more. The market also offers a variety of food stalls where you can sample local snacks and drinks.

8. St. Basil’s Cathedral

St. Basil's Cathedral, built in order to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan Khanate — St. Basil’s Cathedral, built to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.

St. Basil’s Cathedral, with its distinctive onion domes, is one of Moscow’s most iconic landmarks. Built in the 16th century on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, the cathedral is a masterpiece of Russian architecture. Its vibrant, patterned domes rise from Red Square in a riot of colors and shapes, and its interior is a labyrinth of chapels and corridors, each adorned with beautiful frescoes.

9. Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve

Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve, originally commissioned by Empress Catherine the Great in the late 18th century.

Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve is a historical and architectural complex in the south of Moscow, featuring a large landscape park with a system of picturesque ponds.

The highlight of the complex is the Tsaritsyno Palace, an impressive Gothic-style mansion commissioned by Catherine the Great but never completed during her lifetime. Today, the complex houses a museum, concert halls, and a beautiful park with pavilions, bridges, and scenic walkways.

10. Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure

Gorky Park, open to the public since 1928, was named after Maxim Gorky, a prominent Russian and Soviet writer.

Gorky Park, officially known as the Central Park of Culture and Recreation, named after M. Gorky, is a famous public park located in Moscow, Russia. It is one of the country’s most popular and well-known parks and offers a wide range of recreational activities and cultural attractions.

The park is situated along the banks of the Moskva River in the central part of Moscow. Its location makes it easily accessible and a favorite destination for locals and tourists. Gorky Park covers an area of about 300 acres (120 hectares) and offers various amenities and attractions. It includes open lawns, walking and cycling paths, playgrounds, sports facilities, and landscaped gardens.

11. Kolomenskoye

Kolomenskoye's, dating back to the 14th century — Kolomenskoye’s, dating back to the 14th century, when it was established as a country estate for the Russian Grand Princes.

Kolomenskoye is a historical and architectural museum-reserve located in Moscow, Russia. It is a former royal estate that now serves as a popular recreational area and cultural attraction for locals and tourists.

Over the centuries, Kolomenskoye served as a residence for various rulers, including Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. In 1994, Kolomenskoye was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its cultural and historical significance.

12. Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills)

Cable Car that connects the park at the bottom of the Vorobyovy Gory with the observation platform at the summit.

Vorobyovy Gory, also known as Sparrow Hills, is a picturesque hill and recreational area in Moscow, Russia. It is one of the highest points in the city and offers breathtaking panoramic views of the Moscow skyline and the Moskva River.

Vorobyovy Gory is situated on the south bank of the Moskva River, just southwest of the city center. It is a prominent natural landmark in Moscow. The hill rises approximately 80 meters (260 feet) above the river level, providing a commanding vantage point over the city.

At the top of Vorobyovy Gory is an observation platform offering stunning panoramic views of Moscow, including prominent landmarks like the Moscow State University, Luzhniki Stadium, and the Moscow City skyscrapers.

13. Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, initially built in the 19th century to commemorate Russia’s victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Towering on the banks of the Moskva River, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the tallest Orthodox Christian church in the world. The current cathedral is a reconstruction of the original, which was demolished during the Soviet era.

Today, the cathedral stands as a symbol of Russia’s spiritual revival. Its sumptuous interior, adorned with beautiful frescoes, is an awe-inspiring sight. The cathedral also hosts sacred music concerts and offers a viewing platform with fantastic views of Moscow.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best time to visit Moscow?

The best time to visit Moscow depends on what you want to experience. The late spring to early fall months (May to September) are ideal for warm weather and a full range of tourist activities. If you wish to experience Russia’s famous winter landscapes and the charm of snow-dusted landmarks, consider visiting in December or January, but prepare for frigid temperatures.

Is it safe to visit Moscow?

Historically, Moscow was regarded as a reasonably safe city for tourists, with a few exceptions of areas better left unexplored. However, due to the ongoing conflict with Ukraine as of 2023, it is currently not recommended to travel to Moscow for safety reasons.

What is traditional food and cuisine like in Moscow?

Traditional Moscow cuisine features hearty dishes designed to withstand the cold climate. This includes:

• Borscht (a beetroot soup)
• Pelmeni (meat dumplings)
• Blini (thin pancakes)
• Beef Stroganoff

What’s a must-try dish/food in Moscow?

When in Moscow, trying borscht is a must. This warming beetroot soup, often served with a dollop of sour cream, is classic Russian cuisine. Another must-try is pelmeni, traditional Russian dumplings typically filled with meat.

What souvenirs can I bring home from Moscow?

Popular souvenirs from Moscow include Matryoshka dolls (Russian nesting dolls), amber jewelry, lacquer boxes, Russian scarves, and Soviet-era memorabilia. You can find these and more at markets like Izmailovo.

Do locals speak English in Moscow?

Older generations do not widely speak English, but younger people and those working in tourism-related industries are more likely to have a working knowledge of English.

How can I get around in Moscow?

Moscow has an extensive and efficient public transportation system, including the metro, buses, trolleybuses, and trams. Taxis and ride-sharing services are also readily available.

Is it expensive to visit Moscow?

The cost of visiting Moscow can vary greatly depending on your lifestyle and preferences. While it’s possible to enjoy a budget trip to Moscow by staying in hostels and eating at inexpensive eateries, the city also offers plenty of high-end hotels, restaurants, and shopping opportunities.-

Which currencies are accepted in Moscow?

The official currency of Russia is the Ruble (RUB). Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in Moscow, but carrying some cash for smaller establishments or street vendors is also a good idea.

Is Moscow a good city to live in?

Living in Moscow has its pros and cons. On the positive side, the city is vibrant and dynamic, with a rich history, cultural events, and a thriving food scene. However, it can be challenging due to some areas’ harsh winters, heavy traffic, and high living costs.

Is it safe to drink tap water in Moscow?

It is generally only recommended to drink tap water in Moscow with boiling or using a filter first. Bottled water is widely available.

Final Thoughts

Moscow, as the cultural, historical, and political heart of Russia, is worth a visit. This bustling metropolis presents a fascinating blend of ancient traditions and modern dynamism. With iconic landmarks, world-class museums, a thriving culinary scene, and an impressive array of entertainment venues, Moscow offers something for every traveler.

Whether you’re a history buff, an art lover, a foodie, or simply someone looking for a unique travel experience, Moscow promises a rich and memorable journey. Its distinctive character and allure make it not just a destination but an experience that leaves a lasting impression.

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